【作者】 张占杰；

【导师】 康金莉；

【作者基本信息】 河北师范大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2023， 硕士

【摘要】 近代华北农村地区商品经济得到快速发展,商品贸易量快速增加,市场对货币的需求逐渐增加,而由于城乡二元经济结构和二元货币体系的原因,城市银行所发行的纸币无法下沉到农村,使得农村市场货币匮乏的状况逐渐显现。在此时期,大量钱庄银号等金融机构在农村设立,由于农村商品经济发展的需要,钱庄银号等金融机关,或商会、合作社等社会组织,或地方政府、军阀等军政部门或个人纷纷发行纸币,弥补货币的不足,该种纸币也被称为私票。近代华北农村地区私票的发行呈现出发行主体多元化、面额零细化、流通范围狭小等特点。从发行主体来看,不但有银钱业等旧式金融机构,如钱庄、银号、当铺等,同时还有各种商店作坊、工矿企业、县镇商会或县域政权部门等机构;从面额来看,私票多以制钱票、铜元票或角票等辅币券的形式出现,呈现出面额零细化的特点;从流通范围来看,私票信誉良莠不齐,一般仅流通于一县、一乡或一村,流通范围趋于狭小化。华北农村地区的私票对农村经济的发展起到了重要的作用。首先随着农村商品经济的发展,货币需求量逐渐增加,私票的发行极大地增加了农村市面货币的供应量,满足了货币的需求,推动了各地集市商业贸易的活跃与发展;在近代,由于制钱、铜元匮乏,官票面额过大,市面辅币缺乏,此时的私票充当辅币券,起着提供辅币、便利交易的作用;在20世纪30年代,华北农村经济出现衰败,此时基层各部门纷纷发行私票,应对危局,活跃经济,此时的私票起着活动金融、救济经济的作用;在私票过度泛滥或伪票频出时,县镇商会、县政府等协调机构或官方机构取缔旧票,统一印制新票,此时的私票起着统一地方货币、维持私票信用的作用;在民国中前期,由于时局动荡,各县纷纷陷入财政困难,各地县政府多次发行私票,缓解财务危机,渡过难关,此时的私票起着缓解财政困难的作用;在近代,由金属货币向纸币过渡的过程中,私票起着代替金属货币、十足兑现的作用,它便利了货币的运输和收付,促进了货币的流通;私票的发行也为华北农村地区工矿企业和商业部门的发展聚集了大量的资本。私票泛滥给农村经济的发展带来极大的危害,它不但引起市面的极端混乱,侵害了商民的利益,制造了大量社会矛盾,扰乱了商民的正常生活,同时也阻碍了商业贸易的发展,扰乱了金融业正常发展的秩序,扭曲了国家的财政体制。民间发行私票是对国家残缺不全的货币制度的补位,它弥补了农村货币的不足,形成了一种不同于国家法定货币制度的独特币制——乡土币制。私票的流通对农村经济的发展具有双面性:一方面,近代国家货币制度残缺不全,农村货币十分匮乏,私票弥补了货币的不足,满足了经济发展的需要,成为了农村市面商业活动的必需品。各地政府迫于上级的禁令,强力取缔私票时,市面出现了商民不安、金融恐慌、货币紧缩的严重后果。但另一方面,私票的泛滥也给农村经济的发展造成了严重的破坏,影响了社会的安定,阻碍了货币的统一,给国家的商业、贸易、金融、财政等各方面带来了不利影响。更多还原

【Abstract】 In modern times,the commodity economy in rural areas of North China has developed rapidly,with a rapid increase in the volume of commodity trade,and the demand for money in the market has gradually increased.However,due to the dual economic structure and dual monetary system in urban and rural areas,the paper money issued by urban banks cannot sink into the countryside,making the situation of lack of money in the rural market gradually apparent.During this period,a large number of financial institutions such as banks and banks have been established in rural areas.Due to the needs of the development of the rural commodity economy,financial institutions such as banks and banks,or social organizations such as chambers of commerce,cooperatives,or local governments,warlords,and other military and political departments or individuals have issued paper money to fill the gap in currency.This type of paper money is also known as private notes.The issuance of private tickets in rural areas of North China in modern times showed characteristics such as diversification of issuing entities,zero refinement of denominations,and narrow circulation scope.From the perspective of issuers,there are not only old-style financial institutions such as the banking industry,such as banks,banks,pawnshops,etc.,but also various private businesses,county and town chambers of commerce,or county government departments;From the perspective of denomination,private tickets mostly appear in the form of coin coupons such as coin tickets,copper dollar tickets,or corner tickets,showing a feature of zero denomination refinement;From the perspective of circulation scope,the reputation of private tickets varies,generally only circulating in a county,township,or village,and the circulation scope tends to narrow.Private tickets in rural areas of North China have played an important role in the development of the rural economy.Firstly,with the development of the rural commodity economy,the demand for money has gradually increased.The issuance of private tickets has greatly increased the supply of money on the rural market,met the demand for money,and promoted the activity and development of the trade economy in various markets;In modern times,due to the scarcity of coin making and copper coins,the denomination of official bills was too large,and the market lacked tokens.At this time,private bills served as tokens,providing tokens and facilitating transactions;In the 1930 s,the rural economy in North China experienced a decline.At this time,various grassroots departments issued private tickets to deal with the crisis and activate the economy.At this time,private tickets played a role in activating finance and relieving the economy;When there is an excessive proliferation of private tickets or a frequent occurrence of counterfeit tickets,coordination agencies such as county and town chambers of commerce,county governments,or official agencies ban old tickets and uniformly print new ones.At this time,private tickets play a role in unifying local currency and maintaining private ticket credit;In the mid and early stages of the Republic of China,due to the turmoil of the current situation,counties were in financial difficulties one after another.Local and county governments repeatedly issued private tickets to alleviate financial crises and overcome difficulties.At this time,private tickets played a role in alleviating financial difficulties;In modern times,during the transition from metal currency to paper currency,private tickets played a role of replacing metal currency and fully cashing it,facilitating the transportation,receipt and payment of money,and promoting the circulation of money;The issuance of private tickets has also accumulated a large amount of capital for the development of industrial and mining enterprises and commercial sectors in rural areas of North China.The proliferation of private tickets has brought great harm to the development of the rural economy.It not only causes extreme chaos in the market,infringes on the interests of the commercial people,creates a large number of social conflicts,and disrupts the normal lives of the commercial people.At the same time,it also hinders the development of commercial trade,disrupts the order of the normal development of the financial industry,and distorts the national financial system.The issuance of private tickets by the people is a supplement to the incomplete monetary system of the country,which makes up for the shortcomings of rural currency and forms a monetary system different from the legal monetary system of the country-the local currency system.The circulation of private tickets has dual effects on the development of rural economy: on the one hand,the modern national monetary system is incomplete,and rural currency is very scarce.Private tickets make up for the lack of currency,meet the needs of economic development,and become a necessity for commercial activities in rural markets.When local governments were forced to ban private tickets by their superiors,serious consequences such as commercial unrest,financial panic,and monetary tightening appeared in the market.On the other hand,the proliferation of private tickets has also caused serious damage to the development of the rural economy,affected social stability,hindered the unification of currency,and brought adverse effects on the country’s commercial trade,finance,finance,and other aspects.更多还原